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The Great Mosque was first built by the Umayyads in the 8th century CE and was modelled on the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. It was almost completely destroyed in 1982 during the Sunni muslim uprising in Hama.<br/><br/> Hama is the location of the historical city of Hamath. In 1982 it was the scene of the worst massacre in modern Arab history. President Hafaz al-Assad ordered his brother Rifaat al-Assad to quell a Sunni Islamist revolt in the city. An estimated 25,000 to 30,000 people were massacred.
The Great Mosque was first built by the Umayyads in the 8th century CE and was modelled on the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. It was almost completely destroyed in 1982 during the Sunni muslim uprising in Hama.<br/><br/> Hama is the location of the historical city of Hamath. In 1982 it was the scene of the worst massacre in modern Arab history. President Hafaz al-Assad ordered his brother Rifaat al-Assad to quell a Sunni Islamist revolt in the city. An estimated 25,000 to 30,000 people were massacred.
The Great Mosque was first built by the Umayyads in the 8th century CE and was modelled on the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. It was almost completely destroyed in 1982 during the Sunni muslim uprising in Hama.<br/><br/> Hama is the location of the historical city of Hamath. In 1982 it was the scene of the worst massacre in modern Arab history. President Hafaz al-Assad ordered his brother Rifaat al-Assad to quell a Sunni Islamist revolt in the city. An estimated 25,000 to 30,000 people were massacred.
The Great Mosque was first built by the Umayyads in the 8th century CE and was modelled on the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. It was almost completely destroyed in 1982 during the Sunni muslim uprising in Hama.<br/><br/> Hama is the location of the historical city of Hamath. In 1982 it was the scene of the worst massacre in modern Arab history. President Hafaz al-Assad ordered his brother Rifaat al-Assad to quell a Sunni Islamist revolt in the city. An estimated 25,000 to 30,000 people were massacred.
The Great Mosque was first built by the Umayyads in the 8th century CE and was modelled on the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. It was almost completely destroyed in 1982 during the Sunni muslim uprising in Hama.<br/><br/> Hama is the location of the historical city of Hamath. In 1982 it was the scene of the worst massacre in modern Arab history. President Hafaz al-Assad ordered his brother Rifaat al-Assad to quell a Sunni Islamist revolt in the city. An estimated 25,000 to 30,000 people were massacred.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
Tariq ibn Ziyad (15 November 689 – 11 April 720) was a great Muslim Umayyad general who led the conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711 under the orders of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I. Tariq ibn Ziyad is considered to be one of the most important military commanders in Iberian history. He was initially the deputy of Musa ibn Nusair in North Africa, and was sent by his superior from the north coast of Morocco to launch the first thrust of a conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom (comprising modern Spain and Portugal).<br/><br/> The name 'Gibraltar' derives from the Arabic Jebel Tariq, or 'Mountain of Tariq', and is named for Tariq ibn Ziyad.
The Great Mosque was first built by the Umayyads in the 8th century CE and was modelled on the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. It was almost completely destroyed in 1982 during the Sunni muslim uprising in Hama.<br/><br/> Hama is the location of the historical city of Hamath. In 1982 it was the scene of the worst massacre in modern Arab history. President Hafaz al-Assad ordered his brother Rifaat al-Assad to quell a Sunni Islamist revolt in the city. An estimated 25,000 to 30,000 people were massacred.
Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (731-788) (Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba (755), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries (including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba).<br/><br/> The Muslims called the regions of Iberia under their dominion al-Andalus. Abd al-Rahman's establishment of a government in al-Andalus represented a branching from the rest of the Islamic Empire, which had been usurped by the Abbasid overthrow of the Umayyads from Damascus in 750.<br/><br/> He was also known by appellations al-Dakhil ('the Immigrant'), Saqr Quraish ('the Falcon of the Quraysh')and the 'Falcon of Andalus'. Variations of the spelling of his name include Abd ar-Rahman I, Abdul Rahman I and Abderraman I.
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (c. 1138 – March 4, 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the first Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, and Yemen. He led the Muslims against the Crusaders and eventually recaptured Palestine from the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem after his victory in the Battle of Hattin.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
The Great Mosque was first built by the Umayyads in the 8th century CE and was modelled on the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. It was almost completely destroyed in 1982 during the Sunni muslim uprising in Hama.<br/><br/> Hama is the location of the historical city of Hamath. In 1982 it was the scene of the worst massacre in modern Arab history. President Hafaz al-Assad ordered his brother Rifaat al-Assad to quell a Sunni Islamist revolt in the city. An estimated 25,000 to 30,000 people were massacred.
The Great Mosque was first built by the Umayyads in the 8th century CE and was modelled on the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. It was almost completely destroyed in 1982 during the Sunni muslim uprising in Hama.<br/><br/> Hama is the location of the historical city of Hamath. In 1982 it was the scene of the worst massacre in modern Arab history. President Hafaz al-Assad ordered his brother Rifaat al-Assad to quell a Sunni Islamist revolt in the city. An estimated 25,000 to 30,000 people were massacred.
The Great Mosque was first built by the Umayyads in the 8th century CE and was modelled on the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. It was almost completely destroyed in 1982 during the Sunni muslim uprising in Hama.<br/><br/> Hama is the location of the historical city of Hamath. In 1982 it was the scene of the worst massacre in modern Arab history. President Hafaz al-Assad ordered his brother Rifaat al-Assad to quell a Sunni Islamist revolt in the city. An estimated 25,000 to 30,000 people were massacred.
The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. It is considered the fourth-holiest place in Islam. The construction of the mosque is believed to have been started soon after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634. The mosque contains a shrine dedicated to John the Baptist as well as the tomb of Saladin.
Gustav Bauernfeind (4 September 1848, Sulz am Neckar - 24 December 1904, Jerusalem) was a German painter, illustrator and architect of partly Jewish origin. He is considered to be one of the most notable Orientalist painters of Germany.
Tariq ibn Ziyad (15 November 689 – 11 April 720) was a great Muslim Umayyad general who led the conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711 under the orders of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I. Tariq ibn Ziyad is considered to be one of the most important military commanders in Iberian history. He was initially the deputy of Musa ibn Nusair in North Africa, and was sent by his superior from the north coast of Morocco to launch the first thrust of a conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom (comprising modern Spain and Portugal). The name 'Gibraltar' derives from the Arabic Jebel Tariq, or 'Mountain of Tariq', and is named for Tariq ibn Ziyad.
From an illuminated Ottoman dua kitabi or ‘prayer book’ by Hasan Rashid (Istanbul, 1845) once the property of a Topkapi harem lady.<br/><br/> The Arabic term ‘du’a’ is generally translated into English as ‘prayer’, though a more exact rendering would be ‘supplication’. The term is derived from an Arabic word meaning to 'call out' or to 'summon', and Muslims regard this as a profound act of worship. This is when Muslims connect with God and ask him for forgivness or appeal for his favour. The Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said ‘Dua is the very essence of worship’, while one of Allah's commands expressed through the Qur'an is for Muslims to call out to Him: 'Call to Me; I will answer your prayers’.<br/><br/> There is a special emphasis on du'a in Muslim spirituality and early Muslims took great care to record the supplications of Muhammad and transmit them to subsequent generations. These traditions precipitated new genres of literature in which prophetic supplications were gathered together in single volumes that were memorized, taught – and treasured.
Silk hanging with decorative bird motifs, 7th century.
Spain / France / Maghreb: Isabel of Bourbon is portrayed on an Andalusian horse. Oil on canvas painting by Diego Velazquez (1599-1660), c. 1635.<br/><br/> Isabella of Bourbon / Elisabeth of France (1602-1644) was Queen Consort of Spain and Portugal, and was married to King Philip V of Spain. She briefly served as regent during the Catalan Revolt in 1640-1642, and once again in 1643-1644.<br/><br/> The Andalusian horse was a crossbreed of the North African Barb and the Spanish horse, which was developed at the Umayyad court in Cordoba and was the preferred mount of many European royals.
Woven cloth with repeated medallion designs, 7th-8th century. The patterns, which form fairly simple geometrical shapes, are similar in design to the mosaic floors found in the Umayyad desert palaces of Jordan and Palestine.
During the period of Arab expansion into North Africa, cavalry was often mounted on small, agile horses called ‘Berbers’, or ‘Barbs’. Known for speed, endurance and courage in war, the Barb was an important component of the Arab forces.
At the Battle of Karbala the followers of Ali, led by the Prophet Muhammad's grandson Husayn, were defeated by the forces of the Umayyad Caliph Yazid. The event, which is often depicted in popular prints, is used by Shia to recall the martyr’s role that they feel they have played throughout history.<br/><br/> Ordinary chronology has been abolished in this print. Several episodes from the battle are enacted at the same time, and on each side, the battling parties still stand in their starting positions. On the right is Husayn with a small group of adherents, and on the top left is the commander of the Umayyad caliph Yazid with rows of well-equipped forces. We can also see into the afterlife. Husayn, now glorified, is found in the uppermost part of the picture flanked by jinns (creatures of fire created by God) on the left and by angels and early prophets on the right.
Mamluks were originally soldiers or slaves who converted to Islam. A Mamluk army seized control of Egypt and Syria and established the ‘Mamluk Sultanate’ from 1250 to 1517 during which time they defeated or repelled Mongol invaders and Christian crusaders.
Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi castle (Arabic: قصر الحير الغربي‎), located 80 km south-west of Palmyra on the Damascus road, is a twin palace with Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi, built by the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 727 CE.<br/><br/> It was used as an eye of the king during the Umayyad era, to control the movement of the desert tribes and to be a barrier against them, as well as being a hunting chalet. Later it was utilized by the Ayyubids and the Mamelukes but was abandoned permanently after the Mongol invasions.<br/><br/> The castle is quadrangular in outline with 70-meter sides. The central doorway to the castle is very attractive, and has been moved to the National Museum of Damascus to be used as the entrance. Its semi-cylindrical towers on the sides of the doorway, columns, and the geometric shapes mirrored a blend of Persian, Byzantine and Arab architecture.<br/><br/> Not much remains from the castle. All that is visible is a reservoir to collect waters from Harbaka dam, a bath and a khan. The gateway is presently preserved as a façade in the National Museum of Damascus.