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Wu Bin (active 1583-1626), nickname Zhiyin Toutuo and social name Wenzhong, was a Chinese painter born in Putian during the Ming Dynasty period, under the reign of the Wanli Emperor. He worked mainly in Nanjing, and was a devout Buddhist, living and working in a Buddhist temple, where he produced hundreds of hanging scrolls depicting arhats and luohans.<br/><br/> Wu Bin worked for Mi Wangzong from around 1600. Mi Wangzong was a high ranking government officer and a painter himself, and with his support, Wu Bin moved to Beijing in 1610, where he produced several masterpieces that caught the eye of the Beijing imperial court. Records of him disappear after 1626, with some sources speculating that the notorious eunuch Wei Zhongxian purged Wu Bin.
Wu Bin (active 1583-1626), nickname Zhiyin Toutuo and social name Wenzhong, was a Chinese painter born in Putian during the Ming Dynasty period, under the reign of the Wanli Emperor. He worked mainly in Nanjing, and was a devout Buddhist, living and working in a Buddhist temple, where he produced hundreds of hanging scrolls depicting arhats and luohans.<br/><br/> Wu Bin worked for Mi Wangzong from around 1600. Mi Wangzong was a high ranking government officer and a painter himself, and with his support, Wu Bin moved to Beijing in 1610, where he produced several masterpieces that caught the eye of the Beijing imperial court. Records of him disappear after 1626, with some sources speculating that the notorious eunuch Wei Zhongxian purged Wu Bin.
Wu Bin (active 1583-1626), nickname Zhiyin Toutuo and social name Wenzhong, was a Chinese painter born in Putian during the Ming Dynasty period, under the reign of the Wanli Emperor. He worked mainly in Nanjing, and was a devout Buddhist, living and working in a Buddhist temple, where he produced hundreds of hanging scrolls depicting arhats and luohans.<br/><br/> Wu Bin worked for Mi Wangzong from around 1600. Mi Wangzong was a high ranking government officer and a painter himself, and with his support, Wu Bin moved to Beijing in 1610, where he produced several masterpieces that caught the eye of the Beijing imperial court. Records of him disappear after 1626, with some sources speculating that the notorious eunuch Wei Zhongxian purged Wu Bin.
Wu Bin (active 1583-1626), nickname Zhiyin Toutuo and social name Wenzhong, was a Chinese painter born in Putian during the Ming Dynasty period, under the reign of the Wanli Emperor. He worked mainly in Nanjing, and was a devout Buddhist, living and working in a Buddhist temple, where he produced hundreds of hanging scrolls depicting arhats and luohans.<br/><br/> Wu Bin worked for Mi Wangzong from around 1600. Mi Wangzong was a high ranking government officer and a painter himself, and with his support, Wu Bin moved to Beijing in 1610, where he produced several masterpieces that caught the eye of the Beijing imperial court. Records of him disappear after 1626, with some sources speculating that the notorious eunuch Wei Zhongxian purged Wu Bin.
Wu Bin (active 1583-1626), nickname Zhiyin Toutuo and social name Wenzhong, was a Chinese painter born in Putian during the Ming Dynasty period, under the reign of the Wanli Emperor. He worked mainly in Nanjing, and was a devout Buddhist, living and working in a Buddhist temple, where he produced hundreds of hanging scrolls depicting arhats and luohans.<br/><br/> Wu Bin worked for Mi Wangzong from around 1600. Mi Wangzong was a high ranking government officer and a painter himself, and with his support, Wu Bin moved to Beijing in 1610, where he produced several masterpieces that caught the eye of the Beijing imperial court. Records of him disappear after 1626, with some sources speculating that the notorious eunuch Wei Zhongxian purged Wu Bin.
Wu Bin (active 1583-1626), nickname Zhiyin Toutuo and social name Wenzhong, was a Chinese painter born in Putian during the Ming Dynasty period, under the reign of the Wanli Emperor. He worked mainly in Nanjing, and was a devout Buddhist, living and working in a Buddhist temple, where he produced hundreds of hanging scrolls depicting arhats and luohans.<br/><br/> Wu Bin worked for Mi Wangzong from around 1600. Mi Wangzong was a high ranking government officer and a painter himself, and with his support, Wu Bin moved to Beijing in 1610, where he produced several masterpieces that caught the eye of the Beijing imperial court. Records of him disappear after 1626, with some sources speculating that the notorious eunuch Wei Zhongxian purged Wu Bin.
<i>Luohan</i>, also spelt <i>luhan</i> or <i>Lohan</i>, is the Chinese word for <i>arhat</i>, ascetic and distinguished figures in Buddhism, roughly equivalent to saints. <i>Arhat</i> translates as 'perfected person' or 'one who is worthy', denoting their achievement of nirvana and ascending to a higher state of enlightenment.
Located in the northeast of the country, Shan State covers one-quarter of Burma’s land mass. It was traditionally separated into principalities and is mostly comprised of ethnic Shan, Burman Pa-O, Intha, Taungyo, Danu, Palaung and Kachin peoples.<br/><br/> The ethnic Tai-Shan people are believed to have migrated from Yunnan in China. The Shan are descendants of the oldest branch of the Tai-Shan, known as ‘Tai Long’ (Great Tai) or ‘Thai Yai’ (Big Thai). The Tai-Shan who migrated to the south and now inhabit modern-day Laos and Thailand are known as ‘Tai Noi’ (Little Tai) or ‘Tai Nyai’.<br/><br/> The Shan have inhabited the Shan Plateau and other parts of modern-day Myanmar as far back as the 10th century CE. The Shan kingdom of Mong Mao (Muang Mao) existed as early as the 10th century CE, but became a Burmese vassal state during the reign of King Anawrahta of Pagan (1044-1077).
Located in the northeast of the country, Shan State covers one-quarter of Burma’s land mass. It was traditionally separated into principalities and is mostly comprised of ethnic Shan, Burman Pa-O, Intha, Taungyo, Danu, Palaung and Kachin peoples.<br/><br/> The ethnic Tai-Shan people are believed to have migrated from Yunnan in China. The Shan are descendants of the oldest branch of the Tai-Shan, known as ‘Tai Long’ (Great Tai) or ‘Thai Yai’ (Big Thai). The Tai-Shan who migrated to the south and now inhabit modern-day Laos and Thailand are known as ‘Tai Noi’ (Little Tai) or ‘Tai Nyai’.<br/><br/> The Shan have inhabited the Shan Plateau and other parts of modern-day Myanmar as far back as the 10th century CE. The Shan kingdom of Mong Mao (Muang Mao) existed as early as the 10th century CE, but became a Burmese vassal state during the reign of King Anawrahta of Pagan (1044-1077).
Located in the northeast of the country, Shan State covers one-quarter of Burma’s land mass. It was traditionally separated into principalities and is mostly comprised of ethnic Shan, Burman Pa-O, Intha, Taungyo, Danu, Palaung and Kachin peoples.<br/><br/> The ethnic Tai-Shan people are believed to have migrated from Yunnan in China. The Shan are descendants of the oldest branch of the Tai-Shan, known as ‘Tai Long’ (Great Tai) or ‘Thai Yai’ (Big Thai). The Tai-Shan who migrated to the south and now inhabit modern-day Laos and Thailand are known as ‘Tai Noi’ (Little Tai) or ‘Tai Nyai’.<br/><br/> The Shan have inhabited the Shan Plateau and other parts of modern-day Myanmar as far back as the 10th century CE. The Shan kingdom of Mong Mao (Muang Mao) existed as early as the 10th century CE, but became a Burmese vassal state during the reign of King Anawrahta of Pagan (1044-1077).
In Theravada Buddhism, an arhat is a 'perfected person' who has attained nirvana. In other Buddhist traditions the term has also been used for people far advanced along the path of Enlightenment, but who may not have reached full Buddhahood.
Mandalay, a sprawling city of more than 1 million people, was founded in 1857 by King Mindon to coincide with an ancient Buddhist prophecy. It was believed that Gautama Buddha visited the sacred mount of Mandalay Hill with his disciple Ananda, and proclaimed that on the 2,400th anniversary of his death, a metropolis of Buddhist teaching would be founded at the foot of the hill.
Mandalay, a sprawling city of more than 1 million people, was founded in 1857 by King Mindon to coincide with an ancient Buddhist prophecy. It was believed that Gautama Buddha visited the sacred mount of Mandalay Hill with his disciple Ananda, and proclaimed that on the 2,400th anniversary of his death, a metropolis of Buddhist teaching would be founded at the foot of the hill.
Mandalay, a sprawling city of more than 1 million people, was founded in 1857 by King Mindon to coincide with an ancient Buddhist prophecy. It was believed that Gautama Buddha visited the sacred mount of Mandalay Hill with his disciple Ananda, and proclaimed that on the 2,400th anniversary of his death, a metropolis of Buddhist teaching would be founded at the foot of the hill.
Mandalay, a sprawling city of more than 1 million people, was founded in 1857 by King Mindon to coincide with an ancient Buddhist prophecy. It was believed that Gautama Buddha visited the sacred mount of Mandalay Hill with his disciple Ananda, and proclaimed that on the 2,400th anniversary of his death, a metropolis of Buddhist teaching would be founded at the foot of the hill.
Siyah Kalem or 'Black Pen' is the name given to the 15th century school of painting attributed to Mehmed Siyah Kalem. Nothing is known of his life, but his work indicates that he was of Central Asian Turkic origin, and thoroughly familiar with camp and military life. The paintings appear in the 'Conqueror’s Albums', so named because two portraits of Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror are present in one of them.<br/><br/> The albums are made up of miniatures taken from manuscripts of the 14th, 15th, and early 16th centuries, and one series of paintings is inscribed 'work of Master Muḥammad Siyah Kalem'. Something of the style and techniques of Chinese paintings is apparent in these, and an acquaintance with Buddhist art, particularly in the depictions of grotesque demonic figures.
Laozi (Lao Tzu, c. 6th century BCE) was a mystic philosopher of ancient China. His association with the Daodejing (Tao Te Ching) has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of Taoism (also spelled 'Daoism'). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist religion, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or 'One of the Three Pure Ones'. Laozi translated literally from Chinese means 'old master' or 'old one', and is generally considered honorific.<br/><br/> The philosophy of Confucius emphasises personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE).<br/><br/> Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism. It was introduced to Europe by the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as 'Confucius'.<br/><br/> His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius, a collection of brief aphoristic fragments, which was compiled many years after his death.
The Eighteen Arhats ( Shíbā Luóhàn) are individuals depicted in Mahayana Buddhism who have followed the Eightfold Path and attained the Four Stages of Enlightenment, and are also the original followers of the Buddha. They have reached the state of Nirvana and are free of worldly cravings. They are charged to protect the Buddhist faith and to await on earth for the coming of Maitreya, a prophesied enlightened Buddha to arrive on earth many millennia after Gautama Buddha's death and nirvana. In China, the eighteen arhats are also a popular subject of Buddhist art.<br/><br/> Asita is traditionally considered Arhat No.15, the 'long-eyebrowed luohan', eulogised by China's Qianlong Emperor as: ''Compassionate elder, a monk who has attained enlightenment. Perceptive of the infinite universe, with tacit understanding'.
The Eighteen Arhats ( Shíbā Luóhàn) are individuals depicted in Mahayana Buddhism who have followed the Eightfold Path and attained the Four Stages of Enlightenment, and are also the original followers of the Buddha. They have reached the state of Nirvana and are free of worldly cravings. They are charged to protect the Buddhist faith and to await on earth for the coming of Maitreya, a prophesied enlightened Buddha to arrive on earth many millennia after Gautama Buddha's death and nirvana. In China, the eighteen arhats are also a popular subject of Buddhist art.<br/><br/> Kalika is traditionally considered Arhat No. 7, the 'elephant-riding luohan', eulogised by China's Qianlong Emperor as: 'Riding an elephant with a dignified air, Chanting aloud the sutras.<br/><br/> 'With a heart for the humanity, Eyes scanning the four corners of the universe'.
Polo's biographers Yule and Cordier (1923) are doubtful of the identification of the 'Canton Marco Polo', believing the Luohan / arhat effigy is more probably based on a 16th century Portuguese visitor to Guangzhou.<br/><br/> The identification seems to have been accepted by the Museo Correr in Marco Polo's native Venice, however, where a copy of the effigy (shown here) has been on display since 1881.
Tay Phuong Pagoda lies about 24 miles (38km) west of Hanoi, and some 4 miles (6km) to the west of Thay Pagoda, hence its name, which means ‘Western Pagoda’. Perched on top of a hill said to resemble a buffalo, Tay Phuong is a small temple dating originally from the 8th century which is chiefly notable for its collection of more than 70 fine jackfruit wood statues including figures from both the Buddhist and Confucian pantheons.<br/><br/> Arhat, in Buddhism, signifies a spiritual practitioner who has realized certain high stages of attainment. The implications of the term vary based on the respective schools and traditions.
Arhat in Buddhism signifies a spiritual practitioner who has realized certain high stages of attainment. The implications of the term vary based on the respective schools and traditions. In Theravada Buddhism, it means anyone who has reached the total Awakening and attained Nirvana, including the Buddha. An ‘arahant’ is a person who has destroyed greed, hatred, and delusion - the unwholesome roots which underlie all fetters - who upon decease will not be reborn in any world, having wholly cut off all fetters that bind a person to the samsara—the cycle of birth, death and rebirth.
Arhat, in Buddhism, signifies a spiritual practitioner who has realized certain high stages of attainment. The implications of the term vary based on the respective schools and traditions.
Arhat, in Buddhism, signifies a spiritual practitioner who has realized certain high stages of attainment. The implications of the term vary based on the respective schools and traditions.
Arhat, in Buddhism, signifies a spiritual practitioner who has realized certain high stages of attainment. The implications of the term vary based on the respective schools and traditions.
Arhat, in Buddhism, signifies a spiritual practitioner who has realized certain high stages of attainment. The implications of the term vary based on the respective schools and traditions.
Arhat, in Buddhism, signifies a spiritual practitioner who has realized certain high stages of attainment. The implications of the term vary based on the respective schools and traditions.
Qiongzhu Si (Bamboo Temple) was originally constructed during the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 CE), but was properly established during the Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368 CE) as the first temple dedicated to Zen Buddhism in Yunnan. The temple is famous for its 500 painted arhats created during the reign of Qing Emperor Guangxu (1875 - 1909) by sculptor Li Guangxiu.<br/><br/> Arhat, in Buddhism, signifies a spiritual practitioner who has realized certain high stages of attainment. The implications of the term vary based on the respective schools and traditions.
Qiongzhu Si (Bamboo Temple) was originally constructed during the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 CE), but was properly established during the Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368 CE) as the first temple dedicated to Zen Buddhism in Yunnan. The temple is famous for its 500 painted arhats created during the reign of Qing Emperor Guangxu (1875 - 1909) by sculptor Li Guangxiu.<br/><br/> Arhat, in Buddhism, signifies a spiritual practitioner who has realized certain high stages of attainment. The implications of the term vary based on the respective schools and traditions.
Qiongzhu Si (Bamboo Temple) was originally constructed during the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 CE), but was properly established during the Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368 CE) as the first temple dedicated to Zen Buddhism in Yunnan. The temple is famous for its 500 painted arhats created during the reign of Qing Emperor Guangxu (1875 - 1909) by sculptor Li Guangxiu.<br/><br/> Arhat, in Buddhism, signifies a spiritual practitioner who has realized certain high stages of attainment. The implications of the term vary based on the respective schools and traditions.
Qiongzhu Si (Bamboo Temple) was originally constructed during the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 CE), but was properly established during the Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368 CE) as the first temple dedicated to Zen Buddhism in Yunnan. The temple is famous for its 500 painted arhats created during the reign of Qing Emperor Guangxu (1875 - 1909) by sculptor Li Guangxiu.<br/><br/> Arhat, in Buddhism, signifies a spiritual practitioner who has realized certain high stages of attainment. The implications of the term vary based on the respective schools and traditions.
Hōryū-ji (Temple of the Flourishing Law) is a Buddhist temple in Ikaruga, Nara Prefecture, Japan. Its full name is Hōryū Gakumonji, or Learning Temple of the Flourishing Law, the complex serving both as a seminary and a monastery.<br/><br/> In 1993, Hōryū-ji was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area. The Japanese government lists several of its structures, sculptures and artifacts as National Treasures.<br/><br/> The kondo, or great hall of the temple, dating in part to the 7th century, is famous for its 7th century Buddhist murals. Unfortunately, on January 26, 1949, a fire in the kondo caused very severe damage to the murals, many of which were destroyed.<br/><br/> The murals of the kondō comprise fifty walls; four larger walls, eight mid-sized walls and thirty-eight small wall areas inside the building. The original murals were removed after the fire incident in 1949 and are kept in storage. Twenty small wall paintings that escaped the fire remain in place, while reproductions have replaced the lost frescoes. The ancient Horyu-ji frescoes represent Pure Land Shaka, Amida, Miroku and Yakushi Nyorai Bhuddas. There are artistic links with similar murals in Dunhuang, China and Ajanta, India. Some authorities link the paintings to a Goguryeo monk named Tamjing who lived in 7th century Ikaruga, but this is disputed.