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Spain/Maghreb: 'The Capitulation of Granada'. Oil on canvas painting by Francisco Pradilla Ortiz (1848-1921), 1882.<br/><br/> Abu 'abd-Allah Muhammad XII (c. 1460- c. 1533), known as Boabdil, was the 22nd and last Nasrid ruler of Granada. In 1491, Muhammad XII was summoned by Ferdinand and Isabella to surrender the city of Granada, and on his refusal it was besieged by the Castilians. Eventually, on 2 January, 1492, Granada was surrendered. Boabdil handed the keys of Granada to Ferdinand along the banks of the Genil, marking the end of Arab rule in Spain.
Tariq ibn Ziyad (15 November 689 – 11 April 720) was a great Muslim Umayyad general who led the conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711 under the orders of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I. Tariq ibn Ziyad is considered to be one of the most important military commanders in Iberian history. He was initially the deputy of Musa ibn Nusair in North Africa, and was sent by his superior from the north coast of Morocco to launch the first thrust of a conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom (comprising modern Spain and Portugal).<br/><br/> The name 'Gibraltar' derives from the Arabic Jebel Tariq, or 'Mountain of Tariq', and is named for Tariq ibn Ziyad.
The French Protectorate in Morocco (Arabic: حماية فرنسا في المغرب‎ Himaïet Fransa fi El-Maghreb; French: Protectorat français au Maroc) was established by the Treaty of Fez.<br/><br/> It existed from 1912, when a protectorate was formally established, until Moroccan independence (2 March 1956), and consisted of the area of Morocco between the Corridor of Taza and the Draa River. The establishment of the French protectorate of Morocco followed centuries-long France-Morocco relations.
Lehnert & Landrock: Rudolf Franz Lehnert (Czech) and Ernst Heinrich Landrock (German) had a photographic company based in Tunis, Cairo and Leipzig before World War II. They specialised in somewhat risque Orientalist images of young Arab and Bedouin women, often dancers.
The Mozabite people are a Berber ethnic group living in M'zab in the northern Sahara. They speak Tumzabt. Most of them are Ibadi Muslims. Most also speak Arabic, though they use the Zenati dialect of the Berber language in everyday life.<br/><br/> Mozabites live in five oases, namely, Ghardaia, Beni-Isguen, El-Ateuf, Melika and Bounoura and two other isolated oases farther north, Berriane and Guerrara.
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa Oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke various Berber languages, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.<br/><br/> Photography probably by Lehnert & Landrock: Rudolf Franz Lehnert (Czech) and Ernst Heinrich Landrock (German) had a photographic company based in Tunis, Cairo and Leipzig before World War II. They specialised in somewhat risque Orinetalist images of young Arab and Bedouin women, often dancers.
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa Oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke various Berber languages, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.<br/><br/> Photography probably by Lehnert & Landrock: Rudolf Franz Lehnert (Czech) and Ernst Heinrich Landrock (German) had a photographic company based in Tunis, Cairo and Leipzig before World War II. They specialised in somewhat risque Orinetalist images of young Arab and Bedouin women, often dancers.
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa Oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke various Berber languages, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Photograph by Lehnert & Landrock: Rudolf Franz Lehnert (Czech) and Ernst Heinrich Landrock (German) had a photographic company based in Tunis, Cairo and Leipzig before World War II. They specialised in somewhat risque Orinetalist images of young Arab and Bedouin women, often dancers.
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa Oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke various Berber languages, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.<br/><br/> Lehnert & Landrock: Rudolf Franz Lehnert (Czech) and Ernst Heinrich Landrock (German) had a photographic company based in Tunis, Cairo and Leipzig before World War II. They specialised in somewhat risque Orinetalist images of young Arab and Bedouin women, often dancers.
Abu 'abd-Allah Muhammad XII (c. 1460- c. 1533), known as Boabdil, was the 22nd and last Nasrid ruler of Granada. In 1491, Muhammad XII was summoned by Ferdinand and Isabella to surrender the city of Granada, and on his refusal it was besieged by the Castilians. Eventually, on 2 January, 1492, Granada was surrendered. In most sumptuous attire the royal procession moved from Santa Fe to a place a little more than a mile from Granada, where Ferdinand took up his position by the banks of the Genil to receive the keys to the city. Arab rule in Spain was over.
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa Oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke various Berber languages, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.
The French Protectorate in Morocco (Arabic: حماية فرنسا في المغرب‎ Himaïet Fransa fi El-Maghreb; French: Protectorat français au Maroc) was established by the Treaty of Fez.<br/><br/> It existed from 1912, when a protectorate was formally established, until Moroccan independence (2 March 1956), and consisted of the area of Morocco between the Corridor of Taza and the Draa River. The establishment of the French protectorate of Morocco followed centuries-long France-Morocco relations.
Tariq ibn Ziyad (15 November 689 – 11 April 720) was a great Muslim Umayyad general who led the conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711 under the orders of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I. Tariq ibn Ziyad is considered to be one of the most important military commanders in Iberian history. He was initially the deputy of Musa ibn Nusair in North Africa, and was sent by his superior from the north coast of Morocco to launch the first thrust of a conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom (comprising modern Spain and Portugal). The name 'Gibraltar' derives from the Arabic Jebel Tariq, or 'Mountain of Tariq', and is named for Tariq ibn Ziyad.
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa Oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke various Berber languages, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.<br/><br/> Lehnert & Landrock: Rudolf Franz Lehnert (Czech) and Ernst Heinrich Landrock (German) had a photographic company based in Tunis, Cairo and Leipzig before World War II. They specialised in somewhat risque Orinetalist images of young Arab and Bedouin women, often dancers.
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa Oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke various Berber languages, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.
The Casbah (Al Qasbah , ‘the Citadel’), district of Algiers is founded on the ruins of old Icosium. It is a small city which, built on a hill, goes down towards the sea, divided between the High city and the Low city. There are houses and and mosques dating from the 17th century, as well as labyrinths of lanes and houses that are both picturesque and confusing to the outsider.
The French Protectorate in Morocco (Arabic: حماية فرنسا في المغرب‎ Himaïet Fransa fi El-Maghreb; French: Protectorat français au Maroc) was established by the Treaty of Fez.<br/><br/> It existed from 1912, when a protectorate was formally established, until Moroccan independence (2 March 1956), and consisted of the area of Morocco between the Corridor of Taza and the Draa River. The establishment of the French protectorate of Morocco followed centuries-long France-Morocco relations.