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From 1861 to 1890 the Munich publishing firm of Braun and Schneider published plates of historic and contemporary costume in their magazine Munchener Bilderbogen.<br/><br/> These plates were eventually collected in book form and published at the turn of the century in Germany and England.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
The ruins of Karakhoja or Gaochang Gucheng (Gaochang Ancient City) date from the initial Han Chinese conquest of the area in the 2nd century BCE.<br/><br/> Located about 46km southeast of Turpan on the edge of the Lop Desert, Karakhoja is larger than Yarkhoto, but rather less well preserved. Originally established as a garrison town, it developed into a prosperous city by Tang times, before being eventually abandoned in the 14th century, probably due to a combination of endemic warfare and desertification. In its prime, Karakhoja was divided into three sections – an outer city, inner city, and palace area.
The ruins of Karakhoja or Gaochang Gucheng (Gaochang Ancient City) date from the initial Han Chinese conquest of the area in the 2nd century BCE.<br/><br/> Located about 46km southeast of Turpan on the edge of the Lop Desert, Karakhoja is larger than Yarkhoto, but rather less well preserved. Originally established as a garrison town, it developed into a prosperous city by Tang times, before being eventually abandoned in the 14th century, probably due to a combination of endemic warfare and desertification. In its prime, Karakhoja was divided into three sections – an outer city, inner city, and palace area.
The ruins of Karakhoja or Gaochang Gucheng (Gaochang Ancient City) date from the initial Han Chinese conquest of the area in the 2nd century BCE.<br/><br/> Located about 46km southeast of Turpan on the edge of the Lop Desert, Karakhoja is larger than Yarkhoto, but rather less well preserved. Originally established as a garrison town, it developed into a prosperous city by Tang times, before being eventually abandoned in the 14th century, probably due to a combination of endemic warfare and desertification. In its prime, Karakhoja was divided into three sections – an outer city, inner city, and palace area.
The ruins of Karakhoja or Gaochang Gucheng (Gaochang Ancient City) date from the initial Han Chinese conquest of the area in the 2nd century BCE.<br/><br/> Located about 46km southeast of Turpan on the edge of the Lop Desert, Karakhoja is larger than Yarkhoto, but rather less well preserved. Originally established as a garrison town, it developed into a prosperous city by Tang times, before being eventually abandoned in the 14th century, probably due to a combination of endemic warfare and desertification. In its prime, Karakhoja was divided into three sections – an outer city, inner city, and palace area.
The ruins of Karakhoja or Gaochang Gucheng (Gaochang Ancient City) date from the initial Han Chinese conquest of the area in the 2nd century BCE.<br/><br/> Located about 46km southeast of Turpan on the edge of the Lop Desert, Karakhoja is larger than Yarkhoto, but rather less well preserved. Originally established as a garrison town, it developed into a prosperous city by Tang times, before being eventually abandoned in the 14th century, probably due to a combination of endemic warfare and desertification. In its prime, Karakhoja was divided into three sections – an outer city, inner city, and palace area.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
The Zhongba Gonglu or Karakoram Highway is an engineering marvel that was opened in 1986 and remains the highest paved road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft.
The Bactrian camel (<i>Camelus bactrianus</i>) is a large even-toed ungulate native to the steppes of central Asia. It is presently restricted in the wild to remote regions of the Gobi and Taklimakan Deserts of Mongolia and Xinjiang, China. The Bactrian camel has two humps on its back, in contrast to the single-humped Dromedary camel.<br/><br/> The Zhongba Gonglu or Karakoram Highway is an engineering marvel that was opened in 1986 and remains the highest paved road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BCE. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Two small settlements of Kirghiz (Kyrgyz or Kirgiz) nomads lie by the side of Lake Karakul high up in the Pamir Mountains. Visitors can stay overnight in one of their mobile homes or yurts – Kirghiz men will approach travellers as they arrive at the lake and offer to arrange this accommodation. The Kyrgyz form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. There are more than 145,000 Kyrgyz in China.<br/><br/> The Zhongba Gonglu or Karakoram Highway is an engineering marvel that was opened in 1986 and remains the highest paved road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft.
Two small settlements of Kirghiz (Kyrgyz or Kirgiz) nomads lie by the side of Lake Karakul high up in the Pamir Mountains. Visitors can stay overnight in one of their mobile homes or yurts – Kirghiz men will approach travellers as they arrive at the lake and offer to arrange this accommodation. The Kyrgyz form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. There are more than 145,000 Kyrgyz in China.<br/><br/> The Zhongba Gonglu or Karakoram Highway is an engineering marvel that was opened in 1986 and remains the highest paved road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
The central figure is a Manaschi, a traditional storyteller who has memorised the entire Manas epic legend. Public Domain image by Simon Garbutt.
A Hand-colored engraving from Auguste Wahlen, 'Moeurs, Usages, et Costumes de tous les Peuples de Monde, d'apres des Documents Authentiques et les Voyages les plus Recents' (Manners, Customs and Costumes of all the Peoples of the World taken from Authentic Documents and the Most Recent Travels), Brussels: 1843.
The term Turkestan is of Persian (ترکستان) origin; also spelt Turkistan, it literally means 'Land of the Turks'.<br/><br/> Today the term is used to describe a region which is inhabited mainly by Turkic peoples in Central Asia. It includes present-day Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang.
Kyrgyzstan is one of the six independent Turkic states together with Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Located in Central Asia, landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and People's Republic of China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek.
The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795.<br/><br/> On 8 February, he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799.<br/><br/> Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he held an unrelentingly conservative attitude. As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.
Yarkhoto (Jiaohe Ruins) is found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turpan. Yarkhoto was developed as an administrative centre and garrison town by the Chinese following the Han conquest of the area in the 2nd century BC. The city flourished under the Tang Dynasty (618-907), but subsequently went into decline, and was finally abandoned early in the 14th century.
Roza Isakovna Otunbayeva (born August 23, 1950) is the President of Kyrgyzstan. She was sworn in on July 3, 2010, after acting as interim leader following the 2010 April revolution which led to the ousting of then President Kurmanbek Bakiyev. She is a former foreign minister and head of the parliamentary caucus for the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan.